Organic Chemistry
88 flashcards by MentisLibrary
Master the functional groups, IUPAC naming, and stereochemistry that organic chemistry is built on, then work through the reaction types and mechanisms that connect them. Built for anyone facing a first organic course.
- What defines organic chemistry?
- The chemistry of carbon-based compounds, especially those with carbon-hydrogen bonds
- How many bonds does a neutral carbon atom form and with what geometry when fully saturated?
- Four bonds, arranged tetrahedrally at about 109.5 degrees
- What hybridization and geometry does a carbon in a double bond have?
- sp2 hybridization with trigonal planar geometry at about 120 degrees
- What hybridization and geometry does a carbon in a triple bond have?
- sp hybridization with linear geometry at 180 degrees
- What is the difference between a sigma and a pi bond?
- Sigma bonds form by head-on overlap and allow rotation; pi bonds form by side-on p orbital overlap and lock rotation
- What is a functional group?
- A specific arrangement of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic reactivity
- What is the general formula and suffix for an alkane?
- CnH2n+2, named with the suffix -ane
- What is the general formula and suffix for an alkene?
- CnH2n for a single double bond, named with the suffix -ene
- What is the general formula and suffix for an alkyne?
- CnH2n-2 for a single triple bond, named with the suffix -yne
- What group defines an alcohol and what suffix names it?
- A hydroxyl group, R-OH, named with the suffix -ol
- What group defines an ether?
- An oxygen bonded to two carbon groups, R-O-R
- What group defines an aldehyde and where must it sit?
- A carbonyl with at least one hydrogen attached, always at the end of a chain, suffix -al
- What group defines a ketone and where must it sit?
- A carbonyl flanked by two carbon groups, so it is never at the chain end, suffix -one
- What group defines a carboxylic acid?
- A carboxyl group, a carbonyl bonded to a hydroxyl, written COOH, suffix -oic acid
- What group defines an ester and how is it named?
- A carbonyl bonded to an oxygen bonded to carbon, named alkyl alkanoate
- What group defines an amine?
- A nitrogen bonded to one or more carbon groups
- What group defines an amide?
- A carbonyl bonded directly to nitrogen
- What group defines a nitrile?
- A carbon triple bonded to nitrogen, written C-N
- What group defines a thiol?
- A sulfur-hydrogen group, R-SH, named with the suffix -thiol
- What is an acyl chloride?
- A carbonyl bonded to chlorine, R-COCl
- Rank the carboxylic acid derivatives from most to least reactive.
- Acyl chloride, anhydride, ester, amide
- What is the first step in IUPAC naming of an organic compound?
- Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the principal functional group
- What are the stems for chains of one through ten carbons?
- Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
- How do you number a carbon chain in IUPAC nomenclature?
- Number from the end that gives the principal functional group the lowest locant
- How are multiple identical substituents indicated?
- With the prefixes di, tri, and tetra, plus a locant for each occurrence
- What is the correct IUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2OH?
- Propan-1-ol
- What is the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol?
- The number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl: one, two, or three
- What are constitutional isomers?
- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity
- What are stereoisomers?
- Compounds with the same connectivity but different arrangement in space
- What is a chiral center?
- A carbon bonded to four different groups